![]() ![]() Individuals exhibiting pathological lying were no more likely to report being diagnosed as having a psychological disorder than those who were not identified as exhibiting pathological lying, indicating that pathological lying may be a distinct condition. The onset of pathological lying was most commonly during adolescence. Additionally, the excessive lying was found to impair their functioning, bring about distress, and put the individual or others in danger. Individuals with pathological lying behavior reportedly told an average of 10 lies per day (mode=1) and had been doing so for longer than 6 months. Findings from the study revealed the prevalence of pathological lying to be 8%–13%. We previously reported a theory-driven study of 623 people ( 12) that provided empirical support for pathological lying as a unique diagnostic entity. These debates and the historical lack of empirical support for a pathological lying diagnosis may have contributed to the condition’s exclusion from major nosological systems, such as the DSM-5 and ICD-10 ( 11, 18). Dike and other scholars ( 4, 12, 16, 17) have argued that pathological lying is a separate diagnostic entity. Dike and colleagues ( 15) proposed the notion of primary and secondary pathological lying, with the former as an independent diagnostic entity and the latter involving conditions associated with pathological lying. Dike ( 14), however, argues that pathological lying is not a symptom of factitious disorder but a distinct disorder that can be understood as a superordinate category, with factitious disorder a narrower subcategory of pathological lying. The DSM-IV-TR ( 13) indicates that individuals with factitious disorder may engage in pathological lying about aspects of their history or symptoms. Furthermore, antisocial personality disorder generally involves a defiance of authority and lack of remorse, whereas people who endorse engaging in pathological lying show distress about their behavior ( 12). Although deceit is a potential symptom of antisocial personality disorder, pathological lying has not been discussed as a symptom ( 11). Some ( 9, 10) have suggested that pathological lying should be viewed as a symptom of other psychological disorders. Scholars who recognize the existence of pathological lying have argued the merits regarding it as a distinct disorder. More recently, additional cases of pathological lying have been documented, yet researchers claim that the disorder remains understudied and not well understood ( 6– 8). King and Ford ( 5) analyzed 72 case studies of pathological lying and reported that onset was typically in adolescence, men and women were equally represented, and individuals tended to have average to above average intelligence. Healy and Healy also noted that pathological lying, mythomania, pseudologia phantastica, and other such terms were labels for the same disorder. ![]() Extensive, very complicated fabrications may be evolved” ( 4). ![]() It represents a trait rather than an episode. It manifests itself most frequently by far over a period of years, or even a lifetime. rarely, if ever, centers about a single event. They defined pathological lying as “falsification entirely disproportionate to any discernible end in view. They estimated that approximately 1% of the offenders they studied met the criteria for pathological lying. Healy and Healy ( 4) added to the literature on pathological lying by discussing several case studies and an investigation of 1,000 juvenile criminal offenders. In 1891, Delbrück wrote about several people whose patterns of lying were so far outside the bounds of normality that he deemed it a pathological condition he called “pseudologia phantastica” ( 3). As Hall was carrying out his work in the United States, a German psychiatrist, Anton Delbrück, was also studying pathological lying. Stanley Hall published an article ( 2) about excessive lying by children. In 1868, Wharton described pseudomania as a “morbid lying propensity” ( 1). The concept of pathological lying as a psychiatric condition was documented more than 150 years ago. Practitioners primarily suggested cognitive-behavioral therapy as a part of treatment for pathological lying. ![]() The practitioners’ experiences, and their ability to reliably and accurately diagnose pathological lying, warrant recognition of pathological lying in nosologies. Most clinicians participating in this study reported having worked with patients exhibiting pathological lying, even though the condition is not recognized in major nosological systems.Ĭases of pathological lying were reported in <10% of practitioners’ caseloads. ![]()
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